Approaches to Exceptional Psychology Essay Example for Free

Ways to deal with Exceptional Psychology Essay Therapy and psychodynamic treatments are conceivable in mediation for hydrocephalus. This methodology centers around changing hazardous practices, emotions, and contemplations by finding their oblivious implications and inspirations. Psychoanalytically arranged treatments are portrayed by a nearby working association among specialist and patient. Patients find out about themselves by investigating their cooperations in the remedial relationship. While analysis is firmly related to Sigmund Freud, it has been expanded and adjusted since his initial plans. Psychoanalytic treatments have a solid research base affirming their viability. Hydrocephalus is typically the consequence of another clinical issue inside the skull. Clinical intercessions of hydrocephalus as a rule incorporate a careful shunt or medicine or both. Specialist and patients ought to have a decent connection with one another. Intellectual methodology Cognitive methodology can be either applied in hydrocephalus mediation. Psychological treatment accentuates what individuals think as opposed to what they do. Psychological specialists accept that its useless reasoning that prompts broken feelings or practices. By changing their considerations, individuals can change how they feel and what they do. The advisor job is to fortify and support the groups of the customer that there is despite everything trust inspite of the undesirable condition. The specialist can change the attitude of the customer and the groups of the customer to in any case look in the inspirational standpoint of the circumstance. While there is no remedy for this infirmity, there are as yet two careful treatment that can be applied to Hydrocephalus. These are Shunt Placement and Third Ventriculostomy. Shunt Placement occupies the progression of cerebrospinal liquid (CSF) from a site inside the focal sensory system (CNS) to another region of the body where it tends to be consumed as a feature of the circulatory procedure. For certain individuals, hydrocephalus treatment can be performed utilizing an elective technique called third ventriculostomy. With this alternative, a neuroendoscope(a little camera intended to imagine little and hard to-arrive at careful areas)allows a human services supplier to see the ventricular surface utilizing fiber optic innovation. The degree is guided into position so a little gap can be made in the floor of the third ventricle, permitting the CSF to sidestep the deterrent and stream toward the site of resorption around the outside of the cerebrum. Ways to deal with rewarding hydrocephalus are both patient-centered and family-focused. Specialist ought to never dismiss the way that the customer is , most importantly, an individualâ€not simply a patient.

Islamic Religion Essays - Islam, Quraish, Ahl Al-Kisa, Arab Muslims

Islamic Religion Todays Muslims are marked as fear mongers or fudamentalist. In any case, their religion is a delicate religion. On the Arabian Penninsula, home of the Arabs, was separated what's more, they had the option to build up their human progress without outside impacts. It is around 1 million miles square, that is situated between the Red ocean and the Persian Gulf. There are two unmistakable districts. The first has very much watered valleys among mountains and the second is dry fields and desert. Grass develops rapidly during the showes of the stormy season. In old occasions the Arabs were bedouin (wanderers that hersed sheep, goats, and camels. furthermore, lived in tents made made of felt from camel or goat hair.) They ate new or dried dates and drank milk from their groups. On exceptional events they ate mutlon. their clans were made of related families. They esteemed family ties becuase on the grounds that they guaranteed they guaranteed security and endurance. They had a boss (sheik). The sheik managed as long as the clan permitted him. They had a counsil of older folks. There was fighting over waterholes and fields. Their method of discipline is an eye for sn eye and a tooth for a tooth. To improve warrior abilities they had camel and pony. They had narrating in frount of the open air fire. They had verse about fights, desert, camels, ponies, and love. In 500 A.D. they began a town called Makkah, which was fifty miles inland of the Red ocean. Exchange was for the most part of creature producys for weopeans dates grains, flavors, gems ivory, silk, and scents. They had bands travel there from with respect to china. Bedouins had and loved numerous ditied business ties were replaceing family ties, and old ancestral laws were not adequat Byzantine and the Persin armed forces were threatining to overcome them. The clans had the some language yet they had no focal goverment, or feeling of solidarity, The Middle Easterners looked for new convictions. The prohet of Islam was muhammad. He was conceived in Makkah in 570 A. D. . He was stranded at an early age and was received by his uncle. He filled in as a carovan pioneer on an exchange course. He was know to be straightforward also, capable. His boss khadij'a ,a weakthy window if age 40, put him in control of this business and proposed union with him. He went to a cavern outside the city in 610 A.D. to supplicate and quick reveloution (vision) there. He was advised to present. Discuss for the sake of your master, the maker who made man from clusters of blood. Rwcite! Your master os the most abundant one who by the pen has shown humanity things they didn't have the foggiest idea about.'' His subsequent vision to rise and worn individuals. In 613 A.D. he lectured his loved ones that there was one god. And all that belived in him are equal.The rich common with poor bunches of the changes over were poor. The rich traders and the strict pioneers didn't like,Mushamad and the Muslims were persecuated. After some theats on his life in 632 A.D. he sent 60 families to Yathrib.And then follewes them in secret(Known at that point as the Hjrah immirgration). 622 A.D. os know on the Musslim calandar as the frist year. Muhamad turned into the guidelines of Yathris then it was called Medinch al-Neb orMadinah ''the city of the priphet.''The Madinch Compact of 624 A.D. was the establishment of Islanie state. Muhamad was the Judge and president. Quxan was their authoritative handbook for Ialam. They expanded proection, to Jews and christiand who acknowledged Islams political authoriyt. Makkems attacked Yathrib,and the Muslims battled in self defense.The Makkans were vanquished. Furthermore, the Muslims won help of the Arab bunches outside of Madinsh. They later attacked Makkah and hod little resistance.They acknowledged Islamic Religion and Muhammad. Islanic Religion and Muhammed. They decimated icons, and transformed the place of worship of prohet Abraham into a spot of love. Makkah was the profound capital and Mdinth into the political capital. In 631 A.D. the Arabian Peninsula was bolstered by a military speaking to every one of the Arab clans. Muhammad later kicked the bucket at Madinah in 632 A.D. Convictions The Quran was the heavenly messages from God over a peroid of 22 years. It was composed down or retained that was gathered into a composed collection(Quran). is the last issues of confidence and ways of life. It was written in Arabic. It is stories, lessons, and exhorations of what is written in the Bible. Qualities Basic Moral values in the Quran are like Christanity and Judasim.Murder, lying, stesling and adultury are condemened.Honor guardians,

New This Week Resources from Big City Publishing

New This Week Resources from Big City Publishing This week, TeacherVision is expanding our resources for Early Education, thanks to Big City Publishing. These new resources are provided to benefit young students by enhancing their motor skills, word, item, and shape recognition, and introduce creative-thinking and problem-solving skills. These activities are perfect for pre-k, kindergarten, and 1st-grade students. Coloring Pages These coloring pages are meant to enhance recognition abilities, motor skills, and even counting abilities in young students. Check out these nine exciting coloring pages for your students! Fruits and Veggies Coloring Page Looner Bunny Slam Dunk Coloring Page Storytime Coloring Page Sunray Bubble Bear Coloring Page Crystal Cat Flower Coloring Page Crystal Cat Garden Coloring Page Misty Pig Butterflies Coloring Page Connect-the-Dots Coloring Puzzle Super Teacher Coloring Page Mazes These mazes provide math practice, motor-skills, pre-writing skills, critical-thinking and problem-solving abilities. There are three great mazes for your young students! Magical Attic Race for the Apples Math Maze Magical Attic Looner Bunny Rocketship Maze Magical Attic Sunray Bear Playground Maze  Coloring Page Word Puzzle Starting reading, writing, and word-recognition skills at a young age is best for young learners, and these word puzzles are a great tool for that. Magical Attic Crystal Cat Jumprope Word  Puzzle Magical Attic Misty Pig Friendship Word Search Cutout Puzzle Scissor skills are a huge part of hands-on learning for young students. This puzzle  uses fine-motor skills and enhances their abilities to build and assemble a project. Magical Attic Disco Cutout Puzzle Videos More ways to increase students motor abilities, as well as, practice following directions! These three video  how-tos provide great activities with something to show for it. How to make a Lunch Box Puppet How to make an Origami Fish How to make a Paper Plate Dinosaur Activities These printable activities are different ways to develop recognition abilities and can keep young students occupied! Magical Attic Match the Shadows Activity Magical Attic Looner Bunny Differences Activity Activity Packets These themed packets are full of puzzles, games, coloring packets, comics and more! These are great for camp, road trips, quiet time, or an everyday activity! Magical Attic Superheroes Activity Magical Attic Just for Fun Fourth of July Activities Magical Attic Road Trip Printable: North Carolina Magical Attic Road Trip Printable: Washington, D.C. Magical Attic Road Trip Printable: San Francisco About Big City Publishing BCP Imagines designs and develops unique multimedia that brings children and their families creative, fun, shared experiences. Our award-winning cross-platform content encourages creative learning, expression and play while helping kids of ALL ages open their imaginations and look at their world in a new way. BCP Imagines' multi-award winning series Drawing with Mark brings the joy of learning to draw to all ages. The Magical Attic, where anything is possible, was created to help foster imagination and creative play while encouraging positive attitudes emphasizing the important lessons of kindness, friendship and helping others. Visit the Magical Attic store or purchase the Drawing with Mark collection!

Pachycephalosaurs - The Bone-Headed Dinosaurs

Pachycephalosaurs (Greek for thick-headed lizards) were an unusually small family of dinosaurs with an unusually high entertainment value. As you can guess from their name, these two-legged herbivores were distinguished by their skulls, which ranged from the mildly thick (in early genera like Wannanosaurus) to the truly dense (in later genera like Stegoceras). Some later pachycephalosaurs sported almost a foot of solid, albeit slightly porous, bone on top of their heads! (See a gallery of bone-headed dinosaur pictures and profiles.) However, its important to understand that big heads, in this case, didnt translate into equally big brains. Pachycephalosaurs were about as bright as the other plant-eating dinosaurs of the late Cretaceous period (which is a polite way of saying not very); their closest relatives, the ceratopsians, or horned, frilled dinosaurs, werent exactly natures A students, either. So of all the possible reasons pachycephalosaurs evolved such thick skulls, protecting their extra-big brains certainly wasnt one of them. Pachycephalosaur Evolution Based on the available fossil evidence, paleontologists believe that the very first pachycephalosaurs--such as Wannanosaurus and Goyocephale--arose in Asia about 85 million years ago, only 20 million years before the dinosaurs went extinct. As is the case with most progenitor species, these early bone-headed dinosaurs were fairly small, with only slightly thickened skulls, and they may have roamed in herds as protection against hungry raptors and tyrannosaurs. Pachycephalosaur evolution really seems to have taken off when these early genera crossed the land bridge that (back during the late Cretaceous period) connected Eurasia and North America. The largest boneheads with the thickest skulls--Stegoceras, Stygimoloch and Sphaerotholus--all roamed the woodlands of western North America, as did Dracorex hogwartsia, the only dinosaur ever to be named after the Harry Potter books. By the way, its especially difficult for experts to untangle the details of pachycephalosaur evolution, for the simple reason that so few complete fossil specimens have ever been discovered. As you might expect, these thick-skulled dinosaurs tend to be represented in the geological record mainly by their heads, their less-robust vertebrae, femurs and other bones having long since been scattered to the winds. Pachycephalosaur Behavior and Lifestyles Now we get to the million-dollar question: why did pachycephalosaurs have such thick skulls? Most paleontologists believe male boneheads head-butted each other for dominance in the herd and the right to mate with females, a behavior that can be seen in (for example) modern-day bighorn sheep. Some enterprising researchers have even conducted computer simulations, showing that two moderately sized pachycephalosaurs could ram each others noggins at high speed and live to tell the tale. Not everyone is convinced, though. Some people insist that high-speed head-butting would have produced too many casualties, and speculate that pachycephalosaurs instead used their heads to butt the flanks of competitors within the herd (or even smaller predators). However, it does seem odd that nature would evolve extra-thick skulls for this purpose, since non-pachycephalosaur dinosaurs could easily (and safely) butt each others flanks with their normal, non-thickened skulls. (The recent discovery of Texacephale, a small North American pachycephalosaur with shock-absorbing grooves on either side of its skull, lends some support to the head-butting-for-dominance theory.) By the way, the evolutionary relationships among different genera of pachycephalosaurs are still being sorted out, as are the growth stages of these strange dinosaurs. According to new research, its likely that two supposedly separate pachycephalosaur genera--Stygimoloch and Dracorex--in fact represent earlier growth stages of the much bigger Pachycephalosaurus. If the skulls of these dinosaurs changed shape as they aged, that may mean that additional genera have been classified improperly, and were in fact species (or individuals) of existing dinosaurs.

Why Study Humanities - 2444 Words

I want to take this occasion to address one of the most prominent criticisms of the humanities today. I am not referring to criticism of more recent vintage, which takes to task the humanities for a supposed excess of political correctness; this complaint we can set aside as the ideologically motivated lament that it surely is. Rather, I’m speaking of the more long-standing critique that takes the humanities to task for its inconsequence, its uselessness. The presumption that underwrites this critique is simple: its claim is that we do not learn anything by attending to the objects of humanities research. These objects – a poem, a film or play, a piece of music, or what have you – do not furnish our minds with information we can use.†¦show more content†¦Even if we are not prepared to go quite so far as Plato did, and denounce the poet for actively obstructing the search for truth, we may still need to answer to the charge that the objects of humani ties research – I’ll follow Plato in taking poetry as the paradigmatic example – teach us nothing. We need to ask then: what does the poet, or what does the humanist, know? I now want to turn to two poems of the British Romantic period that offer perspectives on this very question. We will recognize that in neither case is an unequivocally affirmative answer provided to the question of what the poet knows. Indeed, both poems would seem to confirm the premises of Plato’s criticism, inasmuch as they give expression to a type of knowledge that can barely be called knowledge as such, since it remains necessarily speculative, provisional, and incomplete. As I’ve suggested, this has been the ground on which the humanities has long seemed weakest in the eyes of its critics. Whereas Plato regards this kind of poetic thinking as useless and worse, however, we find in these poems a qualified defense of not-knowing, and a concomitant claim on behalf of what the poet John Keats called â€Å"half-knowledge.† Both poems make a brief for the importance of attending to thoughts principally characterized by their incompletion and open-endedness; they embrace a kind of thinking that pointedly does not resolve into determinate knowledge. And bothShow MoreRelatedThe Humanities And Its Impact On Education Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pagesinstitutions are cutting the humanities from curricula. According to Nussbaum, our nation and those like it are economically hungry and are pushing technical careers instead. She disputes that a decrease in the humanities will cause a loss in free thinking, and therefore a loss of democracy. Her argument is based off of her theory that without the humanities, citizens become soulless, mechanical, and profit-making machines. This theory is based off the notion that the humanities are continuing to beRead MoreEssay about The Study of Anthropology and the Humanities1361 Words   |  6 Pages The humanities are a broad multidisciplinary field of study where its disciplines aren’t in just one department. Therefore, studying the humanities correlates to the study of anthropology. Simply put, anthropology is the study of humanity and the origins of human beings. Learning about the humanities can help those studying anthropology because the humanities looks into understanding and exploring the human condition. 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It is such an open and vast topic, that I will mostly focus on the medical part of the humanities, because that is where my field of study is. The medical field goes all the way back to the Hippocratic Oath which was written in the early 5th century BC. There wereRead MoreCriticism Of The Humanities769 Words   |  4 Pagesare many criticisms of the humanities and counter arguments against those criticisms. This response will attempt the explain value of studying the humanities, and the criticisms of humanities. According to the dictionary humanities is learning or literature concerned with human culture, especially literature, history, art, music, and philosophy. Through exploration of these subjects, we have found that humanities has played an important role in the world overall. Humanities gives us the ability to gainRead MoreWhat Are Ten Ways We Can Build Support For The Humanities?975 Words   |  4 Pagesways we can build support for the humanities? When looking at your television, computer, or any source of information you can also see what celebrities or people that have foundations for people in need. Humanitarians do so much for the world that sometimes they do not get the recognition on what they do. In the article it states ten different ways that people can do to support others in humanitarian work. Early childhood education is a good way to support humanities because as they get older they willRead MoreFour Goals of Psychology Essay793 Words   |  4 Pagespredict, and control behavior and the mental process. These goals were set to help psychologists to better understand what factors cause different types of behavior and why. In order for these goals to be successful, information must be obtained from direct observation of the patient. Do these goals help humanity? Do these goals hurt humanity? These questions will be answered in the essay below. Four Goals of Psychology The four goals of psychology are to describe, understand, predict, andRead MoreEssay On Recruiting Volunteers1649 Words   |  7 Pagesvolunteers For Macon soccer club Submitted to the faculty of: Middle Georgia State University Degree of Bachelor of Science. Submitted by Tushia Amin Date: 5th December 2017 Acknowledgment We would like to express our gratitude to habitat for humanity for their full support. The completion of this project would not have been possible without their help. We would also like to thank all of the soccer club members who impacted our project and experience. Abstract A Soccer clubs whichRead MoreSexuality : A Diverse Population Of People And Cultures1507 Words   |  7 Pageswho stray from the heteronormative ideals that society has set. Even at my college, there is a club for these individuals to unite together. I thoroughly enjoy this greater understanding I get from these sources. 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Summary †Automotive Supply Synchronization Free Essays

Operations Management â€Å"Automotive Supply Chain Synchronization† Summary The article, â€Å"Automotive Supply Chain Synchronization† by Matthias Berlit, Ulrich Dorndorf, and Hans Jurgen Zimmerman, discussed the importance of logistics planning in the management of automotive supply chains, and namely the role the transport management system SynroTESS played in the optimization of supply chains for Audi and Volkswagen (VW) Mexico. The article began by explaining that the unregulated inbound, internal and outbound movements within a given automotive supply chain were not only inefficient, but also led to significant wasted time evidenced by the queuing of vehicles and the congestion that results from waiting. The authors argued that this waste of resources could be overcome by the proper synchronization of movements with the use of a computer program called SyncroTESS. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary – Automotive Supply Synchronization or any similar topic only for you Order Now SyncroTESS was developed by a German IT company called INFORM and was described as a system that â€Å"intelligently synchronizes time-critical transport operations. The system is immensely capable of optimizing operations like the allocation of material handling resources within a plant to scheduling the trucks used for internal and inter-factory movements. The authors then went on to provide two case studies in which SyncroTESS was able to successfully optimize the synchronization of auto supply chains for Audi and VW Mexico. The first case study involved the Audi Ingolstadt production facility in Germany. The Ingolstadt factory is Audi’s largest production facility and produces roughly 850 built to order cars from its assembly lines daily. As we learned from the Marshall Fisher Harvard Business Review article â€Å"What is the right supply chain for your product,† these built to order vehicles are considered an innovative product must employ a market responsive supply chain to meet it’s demand properly. In order to optimize this sort of supply chain, the SyncroTESS system manages â€Å"the internal material flow† of at least 3 days worth of stock, â€Å"optimizes the execution of 60,000 internal transport orders per day,† including â€Å"up to 3,000 stock-in and 4,000 stock-out movement per day† and â€Å"the flow and transport of materials from the parts warehouse to the assembly line. As of 2006, the SyncroTESS system has been fully integrated into Audi’s IT system and is still currently in use. In fact, SyncroTESS’s responsibilities have been expanded to include the scheduling of about 500 inbound truck movements a day. The second case study showcased the impact of t he SyncroTESS system in the optimization of controlling finished auto inventory in the yards of VW Mexico. The vehicle yards in Mexico distribute about 350,000 vehicles to dealers worldwide yearly. The inventory is specifically tailored to store 2 types of production vehicles; built to order, hence innovative products, for the European market and built to stock, otherwise known as functional products, for the Mexican and North American markets. Although VW Mexico was dealing with essentially two types of products, the fact that these products were already completed and ready for shipment, this case study focused on SyncroTESS’s ability to handle an efficient supply chain for otherwise functional products. VW Mexico successfully implemented the optimization of its supply chain by marrying the SyncroTESS transport management system with VW’s proprietary TOMCADS system. This action allowed VW to rely on a single all encompassing logistical operation system and eliminated the confusion created from the use of the 3rd party logistic providers (3PLs) of the past. SyncroTESS and TOMCADS worked in concert through a process called â€Å"intelligent yard management. VW’s TOMCADS system would inform SyncroTESS of a vehicle’s impending arrival. At that time, the car would be inspected and â€Å"in the event of any defects† the car would be â€Å"returned to production and SyncroTESS (would) re-plan the car’s route allowing for repairs. † Otherwise, the synchronization system would work to optimize the flow of the vehicle inventory from each yard in great detail; from the flow of each vehicle within specific yards, to the order in which vehicle would be l oaded as cargo to reduce wasted movement. The successful impact of the synchronization of transport management systems was made evident when Bjorn Beckmann, head of Logistics Planning group at VW Mexico, explained that, â€Å"As a result of the (now) large number of cars leaving and entering our operations, most cars do not remain longer than 1. 5 days in the yards. † This lower lead-time in delivering the finished inventory is beneficial to both responsive and efficient supply chains, satisfying the demand of both types of production vehicles. The authors would then go on to describe how SyncroTESS has evolved to nclude GPS technology to further track the movement of inventory in real time. The full integration of the logistical system has allowed VW Mexico to create a more complete picture of its inventory flow. In fact, In addition to Audi and VW, BMW and Daimler have also adopted synchronization technology to optimize the execution of their supply chain with a typical â€Å"break-even period of two years. † The conclusion drawn from the authors essentially reinforced Fisher’s stance that the implementation of the proper supply chain for a given product, despite the cost, is ultimately more beneficial to a company than focusing on cost alone. How to cite Summary – Automotive Supply Synchronization, Essay examples

Marketing Communications Plan To Launch A New Brand Marketing Essay Essay Example

Marketing Communications Plan To Launch A New Brand Marketing Essay Essay Description Hydra is to be launched as a premium trade name for still unflavoured and flavored H2O. It would be available in two sizes of 750ml and 330 milliliters each. The bigger bottle is to be made available in athleticss battalion and the smaller in a screw cap. Along with unflavoured H2O, Hydra offers four water plus spirits which are orangish n cherry, ginger n lemon, batch N herbs and merely grape. The flavored bottles would be available as Hydra! to distinguish them from unflavored. Competition ANALYSIS The bottled H2O industry is basically a portion of the soft drinks sector which besides includes carbonated drinks, still drinks, juices and other dilatable ; stand foring a entire client value worth A ; lb ; 219 billion ( Leijh, 2006 ) . The image of carbonates, the biggest participant of this sector, has been on a diminution due to turning wellness concerns and the industries accordingly try to reinvent their offerings in order to pull the consumers. Thus the traditional boundaries between carbonated drinks, H2O and juices and being dropped as newer blends hit the shelves every twenty-four hours. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Communications Plan To Launch A New Brand Marketing Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Communications Plan To Launch A New Brand Marketing Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Communications Plan To Launch A New Brand Marketing Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The competition hence in this industry is huge and proactive. Offers in the market which provide the value of slaking thirst must be regarded as indirect competition. These will include carbonated drinks, juices, milk, energy drinks, still drinks and even sparkling H2O ; across all spirits. Some of the indirect rivals identified are Pepsi, Coca Cola, Dr. Pepper, Britvic, Cresta, Tango, Sunkist, Lucozade, Tropicana, Nesquik and Scheweppes Tonic. The direct competition comes from other bottled H2O trade names which target the same market as Hydra. These trade names provide about the same value that is, still unflavoured and flavored H2O to the same market sections. The trade names identified as direct competition for farther analysis are Vittel and Aqua Pura. The Vittel trade name belongs to the Perrier household owned by Nestle while Aqua Pura is an ain label production from Well Well. Both these trade names offer still flavored and unflavoured H2O. Market SEGMENTATION The bottled H2O market in the UK posted strong positive growing and entire value of A ; lb ; 1.4 billion in 2007 ( Data Monitor Industry Profile, 2008 ) . The volume of gross revenues has besides been invariably increasing at a compound one-year growing rate of 5.7 % from 2 billion litres in 2003 to 2.5 billion in 2007. Data proctor survey besides reveals that still unflavoured H2O consists of 48.4 % of entire gross revenues in this industry and still unflavoured consists of 12.2 % . A survey of 24000 samples by Livingstone ( 2004 ) reemphasizes the big figure of still H2O drinkers over scintillating. Figure 1 shows the laterality of still H2O in this market. Figure: Changing young person imbibing wonts Figure: Laterality of Still waterThe young person market section in this industry has besides been increasing in importance for the trade names. Livingstone ( 2004 ) charts an about 20 % addition in usage of bottled H2O in 11-19 old ages old over 1997 to 2004. This is shown in Figure 2. The communicating schemes of the trade names besides reflect reacting to this. Nestle Waters launched Vittel Red, aimed at immature work forces and adult females through an high-strung stigmatization attack ( Haymarket Publication, 2006 ) . Aqua Pura s Activa and Revive are two sub trade names aimed at aiming the young person. Salazar ( 2007 ) states how demographics affect the use of bottled H2O across UK. Women constitute the bulk of bottled H2O drinkers. Around 45 % of 18 to 34 twelvemonth old adult females and 44.6 % of 35 to 54 twelvemonth old adult females devour bottled H2O. Men s per centums of the 18 34 age groups drank 35.3 % and those in the age group from 35 to 54 consumed 34.5 % . In add -on, harmonizing to WQA studies ( cited in Salazar, 2007 ) , some 47 % of 18 to 34 twelvemonth olds do non believe that their H2O is safe ; hence 41.4 % of them consume bottled H2O on a regular basis. Target Selling In the value exchange attack to selling, Gabbott ( 2004 ) , states that the trade name should place mark sections based on the significance and viability of the merchandise for the mark. Targeting includes placing specific group of consumers with similar penchants for whom the merchandise is most meaningful and appropriate. This analysis identifies three mark sections for the bottled H2O trade names in survey. Sports Active Both Aqua Pura and Vittel have athleticss cap available and are taking patrons of featuring events. While Aqua Pura sponsors the UK Athletics and the great tally programme ; Vittel has been a patron of London endurance contest since the past 8 old ages. It would be interesting to observe that Vittel even has marathon preparation and hydration tips from adept Jamie Baird on its web site. Vittel besides launched a new drink Vittel +Energy with public presentation heightening ingredients ( refer to Figure 3 ) Travel For It Guys/Girls Livingstone ( 2004 ) identifies lifestyle and manner driven drinkers as Go-For-It mark. These are active immature males and females who are heavy cyberspace users and fast nutrient consumers. Both the trade names provide sleek bottle options for this group. To aim this group, Vittel operates as a lifestyle H2O option with high-strung stigmatization. Its David Bowie commercial was chiefly targeted at this mark group. Aqua Pura on the other manus attracts this group through its bomber trade names Activa and Revive. Figure: Vittel +energy Source: nutrient industry ( 2003 ) , ebsco publishingChildren Both the companies target kids as one of the of import mark groups. With smaller bottles available which can suit into the school tiffin boxes, to bind ups with Warner Bros and Looney Toones ; Vittel strives to make a full fledging division for kid consumers merely. Aqua Pura s Champions programme ( Aqua Pura, 2008 ) is once more a kids specific programme through which it spreads the message of mundane healthy hydration along with the aid of school instructors. Market Placement To analyze the market placement of the bottled H2O industry, it is indispensable to place the wide values that the consumer demands and the values that are provided by the bing market participants. The basic value demanded and supplied in this industry is that of slaking the thirst. As King ( 2002 ) points out, there has been a batch of weight placed on research and development to heighten this value supplied. Lots of research and selling has been focused into development of water + options from vitamins to oxygen to new spirits being introduced. As the basic value is served by all the market participants, distinction is possible merely through value add-ons and trade name development. To develop a trade name positioning map for this survey, the trade name entreaty ( premium, sophisticated urban, immature ) and the value distinction ( regular flavored ) are chosen as the properties. The positioning map therefore developed is shown as Figure 4. URBAN TESCO VOLVIC VITTEL HYDRA FLAVORED REGULAR AQUAPURA HIGHLAND Spring PERRIER Sophisticated EVIAN FIGURE 4: Market POSITIONING MAP OF LEADING Trade names Selling COMMUNICATIONS Plan Aim The aims of this program are identified below. To make trade name consciousness. The mark market has to be made cognizant of the being of the trade name. This is to be achieved through a mix of both above and below the line activities. Seventy five per centum of the mark market is to be made cognizant over the clip program. To accomplish market incursion. This is to be done through a combination of aggressive below the line and pricing schemes. Fifty per centum of the mark market is to be penetrated over the clip program. To make trade name publicity. Hydra is to be promoted sharply and to be established as an active and urban trade name of bottled H2O. Constitution of Hydra! as a unequivocal sub-brand. TIME Plan Exploratory Research 3 hebdomads Concept Development and Creative Idea 4 hebdomads Market Tests 1 hebdomad Integrated Communicationss Above-the-line Strategies 12 hebdomads Below -the-line Strategies 26 hebdomads Exploratory Research Focus group interviews to be for merchandise development and purchaser behaviour research. Concept Development and Creative Idea The trade name s communicating constructs are developed internally, media planning and budgeting is carried out. External services are hired to make communications. Market Trials Trials are carried to look into the response, cogency and effects of communications designed. Integrated Communicationss Validated communications are issued through above-the-line and below-the line. Monitor and Evaluation The feedbacks generated by the communications are to be monitored systematically. Evaluation of the program is to be done invariably and tight control is to be maintained. Target SEGMENTS The wide mark market for this trade name is everyone who wants to slake its thirst. But through the cleavage procedure, a few sections have been identified to which to which this communicating program is to be targeted. These are identified below Young urban professionals. Below 35 old ages of age, metropolis inhabitants male or female. Sports partisans. Childs from the age 8-16 Age group 16-22. Market influence leaders Through behavioural cleavage, mark sections identified include Experiences , Innovators and Early Adopters . ABOVE-THE-LINE STRATEGIES The trade name Hydra will be launched through an aggressive above-the-line communications run. A strong pull and profile scheme is to be realized through above-the-line. The advertizements to be used for the run must be foremost used to present and remember the trade name, distinguish it from the competition, inform the consumers of the values in exchange and carry their purchasing determination. Media Planning Keeping in head the immense size of mark audience and comparative concentration in certain centres, the media to be used to present the communications has been decided. It is merely after this that communications are developed to be broadcast through these beginnings. The media selected for Above-the-line communications are Television, Print, Outdoor, In Store, and Internet. Television Television is the most common medium for mass advertisement. For Hydra s launch two Television commercials are to be created. It is aimed to advance Hydra as an individualistic, conventionalized and aspirational athleticss and lifestyle trade name through these commercials. The first Television ad should kick get down the run and to be followed by other mediums. The 2nd Television ad is to be launched after two hebdomads of the first commercial. Musca volitanss to be bought include lifestyle and athleticss channels at premier clip and eventide. Print The print run for Hydra will get down at the same time with the telecasting commercial appearance. The print ads will be complementary to the message of the telecasting ads. The print media to be used is newspapers ( The Sun, Guardian ) magazines ( Men s Health, Women s Health, OK! ) and yellow journalisms ( Daily Mirror, The London paper ) . Full back page advertizements in day-to-day yellow journalisms twice a hebdomad for first four hebdomads and medium sized ads three yearss a hebdomad thenceforth, are to be placed. Medium sized advertizements in newspapers are to be placed five yearss a hebdomad for the first two hebdomads ; each twenty-four hours for a new spirit ( regular plus four ) . The explosion at the launch is to be followed by two ads a hebdomad. The magazines ad is to be accompanied with a reader competition as good. Outdoor and In Shop Banners, logo and ads are to be placed in public conveyance systems, high streets, shopping centres and inside the shop at points of sale. Internet Internet is to be really strategically used in order to pass on with the mark. The market influencers of the World Wide Web are to be targeted through community web sites, web logs, synergistic gambling and societal networking sites. The web site of Hydra is to include an synergistic game where the participant would necessitate to maintain his degree of Hydra high. The game would besides be linked to facebook as one of its applications. Video blogging and YouTube channels are besides to be used to advance the trade name. Hydra ads on the cyberspace would be seen in portals, intelligence and lifestyle sites. BELOW-THE-LINE STRATEGIES It is imperative excessively design relevant below-the-line communicating schemes for the success of the launch of Hydra. Below-the-line communications of Hydra would be a mix of pull and push schemes. These are to be carried over a period of 26 hebdomads and so reassessed. Gross saless publicity, forming and patronizing events, effectual public dealingss, effectual distribution and personal merchandising are effectual techniques used. Gross saless Promotion In the initial period of launch, gross revenues publicity activities are indispensable. The purpose of aggressive gross revenues publicity would be to do the mark market seek the merchandise. It is planned that price reduction vouchers offering 50 per centum price reduction to be accompanied in the print ads. It is besides planned to hold price reduction vouchers for every single spirit on different yearss. This would assist advance each spirit every bit. Different price reductions are besides planned for section shops and convenience shops. Besides, bulk bargains in six battalions would pull price reductions. Through gross revenues publicity, Hydra is to be pushed to the consumers. Events The profile scheme calls for patronizing events as it helps set up and prolong the trade name. It is worthwhile to patronize merely if the trade name identifies with the event. With Hydra being an active life style and athleticss trade name, sponsorships of athleticss and other events would come of course. It is planned to get down with patronizing corporate athleticss meets and travel on to patronize international featuring events and other events such as a music festival. Sponsorships and events are a portion of the pull scheme. Public Relations Effective PR has to be maintained while establishing the trade name. It would necessitate affairs with different imperativeness and intelligence bureaus. News releases for the trade name should be conspicuously featured. The influence leaders of the society demand to be targeted. Print articles sing wellness, hydration and fittingness are to be released in different publications. Personal Selling The largest purchasers of the bottled H2O industry are the departmental shops. Water is besides sold through other merchants, convenience shops, intelligence agents, tobacconists, some eating houses, booths and peddling machines. Personal merchandising is required to efficaciously make and keep strategic relationship with the channels. It is a authoritative portion of the push scheme. Although the gross revenues individual would non be selling straight to the terminal user, its occupation would be all the more of import as it would be covering in larger measures with larger parties. INTERNATIONAL LAUNCH Location After the launch of Hydra in the United Kingdom, it is to be launched in the international market every bit good. It would be done after closely supervising the public presentation of the trade name in the UK. To establish the trade name internationally, the first measure is to make up ones mind on the new market. Hydra would look to venture into different European markets maintaining in head the propinquity to the UK, geographically and culturally. It would look frontward to establish the trade name in Ireland and France foremost and so spread out to Germany, Spain and Poland. Aim After set uping the trade name in the UK, the aim of Hydra would be to reiterate its local success in the international market every bit good. In the Irish and the Gallic markets, Hydra would still be an unknown entity. Therefore the first aim is to present the trade name and create trade name consciousness. The 2nd aim is to set up Hydra and Hydra! as lifestyle trade names. Overall the aim is to culturally suit in the new market. Scheme Ireland and France have been chosen as markets for international launch because they do non differ much from the UK in footings of civilization. In footings of market cleavage, the mark sections for Hydra are the same as that in UK and so will be the placement of the trade name. Therefore it is planned to travel frontward with the same communications program tuned out with local linguistic communication.

How the word Planet is Defined

How the word Planet is Defined What is a planet?  Astronomers get this question a lot.  It seems like a simple-enough thing to ask about, but in reality  the definition of the term planet seems to be a moving target. Its also at the heart of a controversy that continues to spur debate in the astronomy community. To answer the question what is a planet? it helps to look back at the event that brought the issue to a head in 2006: the seeming demotion of Pluto  from planet to dwarf planet. Pluto: Planet or Not? In 2006, the International Astronomical Union  demoted a small ball of rock and ice out in the outer third of the outer solar system from planet status. Pluto became known as a dwarf planet.  The outcry, both from within and outside of the scientific community, was astounding and the subject is still under intense discussions today. The planetary science community, which is probably the best equipped to help define the term, was overruled by astronomers (not many of them planetary scientists) at an IAU meeting where the issue came up for discussion and a vote.   Why Define Planet At All? The argument of course, is that our current clumping of all the round, non-star, non-moon  objects in our solar system was not ideal. Clearly Mercury and Jupiter dont share much in common, yet they are classified as planets. In 2000, the New York Hayden planetarium was renovated, and one of the exhibits grouped the planets by similar features. This made them easier to study and understand. It also created a more coherent display with greater educational potential. However, it put Pluto as the odd world out.   That by itself didnt change the definition of planet, however. The idea of planet was under discussion for a long time before that. It continues to be an issue as scientists discover more and more worlds out there.   The 2006 decision by the IAU has been steeped in controversy among scientists, particularly those in planetary science who had not attended the meeting where a scant few astronomers voted on planetary status. However, beyond that gaffe, the  greater point of contention is that the definition as arrived at by the IAU committee frankly doesnt even make sense. What is the Definition of a Planet? Lets look at what the IAU thinks a planet is. There are three requirements:   a planet is a world that orbits the Sun and not another object;a planet is an object with sufficient gravity to become round;a planet is a world that has cleared its orbital path of debris. This last one was thought to be a problem for Pluto, although recent discoveries by the New Horizons spacecraft show that theres not much to clear around Pluto,  not even a ring!   One could argue that  Earth has not been able to completely clear its path of debris.  However, no one is arguing with the classification of Earth as a planet. Effectively the IAU was placing a distance cap on how far a planet can be from its host star. And this just doesnt make sense. So What Should the Definition Be? OK, so  the IAUs definition has problems, but its still clear that the definition of planet needs more thought and work. It is important to classify objects, its simply part of the scientific endeavour. Biologists classify life, while chemists classify compounds, and so on. But the means by which you classify the objects in a system needs to be cohesive and non-conditional. So what about the planets, and Pluto specifically? What if we just took the first two conditions laid forth by the IAU and let it go at that: massive enough to be round, but not so much that it ignites nuclear burning? That would leave the eight objects that we already consider planets and add in the ones that we currently call dwarf planets. It just so happens that Pluto is large enough that it formed itself into a sphere under the pressure of its own gravity.  And, this fact is at the heart of the IAUs third condition for planet-hood. But that isnt the end of the debate either, and for now, officially,  Pluto remains a dwarf planet.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Biography of Zelda Fitzgerald, Jazz Age Icon and Author

Biography of Zelda Fitzgerald, Jazz Age Icon and Author Born Zelda Sayre, Zelda Fitzgerald (July 24, 1900  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ March 10, 1948) was an American writer and artist of the Jazz Age. Although she produced writing and art on her own, Zelda is best known in history and in popular culture for her marriage to F. Scott Fitzgerald and her tumultuous battle with mental illness. Fast Facts: Zelda Fitzgerald Known For:  Artist, author of Save Me The Waltz, and wife of author F. Scott FitzgeraldBorn:  July 24, 1900  in Montgomery, AlabamaDied:  March 10, 1948 in Asheville, North CarolinaSpouse:  F. Scott Fitzgerald (m. 1920-1940)Children:  Frances Scottie Fitzgerald Early Life The youngest of six children, Zelda was born to a prominent Southern family in Montgomery, Alabama. Her father, Anthony Sayre, was a powerful justice on the Alabama Supreme Court, but she was the darling of her mother, Minerva, who spoiled young Zelda. She was an athletic, artistic child, equally interested in her ballet lessons and in spending time outdoors. Although she was a clever student, Zelda was mostly uninterested in her studies by the time she reached high school. Beautiful, spirited, and rebellious, Zelda became the center of her young social circle. As a teenager, she already drank and smoked, and enjoyed causing minor scandals by doing things like dancing â€Å"flapper† style or swimming in a tight, flesh-toned bathing suit. Her brash, daring nature was even more shocking because women of her social status were expected to be genteel and quiet. Zelda and her friend, future Hollywood actress Tallulah Bankhead, were frequently the topic of gossip. As a girl or a teenager, Zelda began to keep diaries. These journals would later prove to be the earliest signs of her creative mind, containing much more than a rote record of her social activities. In fact, excerpts from her early journals would eventually appear in iconic works of American literature, thanks to her relationship with a soon-to-be legendary novelist: F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Fitzgeralds In the summer of 1918, Zelda first met the 22-year-old Scott when he was stationed on an Army base just outside of Montgomery. Their first meeting, at a country club dance, would later be the basis for the first meeting between Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan in The Great Gatsby. Although she had several suitors at the time, Zelda quickly came to favor Scott, and they grew close over a shared worldview and their similarly creative personalities. Scott had big plans, and he shared them with Zelda, who became equal parts muse and kindred spirit. She inspired the character of Rosalind in This Side of Paradise, and the novel’s closing monologue is taken directly from her journals. Their romance was interrupted in October 1918, when he was reassigned to a base in Long Island, but the war soon ended and he returned to Alabama within a month. Scott and Zelda became deeply involved, and wrote to each other constantly after he moved to New York City in early 1919. They married in 1920, despite some objections from Zelda’s family and friends over his drink and his Episcopalian faith. That same year, This Side of Paradise was published, and the Fitzgeralds became notorious on the New York social scene, embodying the excesses and brilliance of the Jazz Age. In 1921, just before Scott’s second novel was finished, Zelda became pregnant. She gave birth to their daughter, Frances â€Å"Scottie† Fitzgerald in October 1921, but motherhood did not â€Å"tame† Zelda into a quiet domestic life. In 1922, she was pregnant again, but the pregnancy did not make it to term. Over the next couple of years, Zelda’s writing began to appear as well, mostly sharply-written short stories and magazine articles. Although she joked about her writing being â€Å"borrowed† for Scott’s novels, she did resent it too. After their co-written play The Vegetable flopped, the Fitzgeralds moved to Paris in 1924. Together in Paris The Fitzgeralds’ relationship was in a complicated state by the time they reached France. Scott was absorbed with his next novel, The Great Gatsby, and Zelda fell for a dashing young French pilot and demanded a divorce. Zelda’s demands were met with dismissal from Scott, who locked her in their house until the drama passed. In the months following, they returned mostly to normal, but in September, Zelda survived an overdose of sleeping pills; whether the overdose was intentional or not, the couple never said. Zelda was often ill around this time, and in late 1924, Zelda was unable to continue her traveling lifestyle and instead began painting. When she and Scott returned to Paris in the spring of 1925, they met Ernest Hemingway, who would become Scott’s great friend and rival. Although Zelda and Hemingway loathed each other from the start, Hemingway did introduce the couple to the rest of the Lost Generation expat community, such as Gertrude Stein. Increasing Instability Years passed, and Zelda’s instability grew – along with Scott’s. Their relationship turned volatile and more dramatic than ever, and both accused the other of affairs. Desperate for success of her own, Zelda took up the reins of her ballet studies again. She practiced intensely, sometimes for up to eight hours a day, and while she did have some talent, the physical demands (and the lack of support from Scott) proved too much for her. Even when she was offered a spot with an opera ballet company in Italy, she had to decline. Zelda was admitted to a French sanatorium in 1930 and bounced between clinics for physical and psychological treatments for around a year. When her father was dying in September 1931, the Fitzgeralds returned to Alabama; after his death, Zelda went to a hospital in Baltimore and Scott went to Hollywood. While in the hospital, however, Zelda wrote a whole novel, Save Me The Waltz. The semi-autobiographical novel was her biggest work to date, but it infuriated Scott, who had planned to use some of the same material in his work. After Scott’s forced rewrites, the novel was published, but it was a commercial and critical failure; Scott also derided it. Zelda didn’t write another novel. Decline and Death By the 1930s, Zelda was spending most of her time in and out of mental institutions. She continued to produce paintings, which were tepidly received. In 1936, when Zelda seemingly disconnected from reality, Scott sent her to another hospital, this one in North Carolina. He then proceeded to have an affair in Hollywood with columnist Sheilah Graham, bitter about how his marriage to Zelda had turned out. By 1940, though, Zelda had made enough progress to be released. She and Scott never saw each other again, but they corresponded until his sudden death in December 1940. After his death, it was Zelda who became an advocate for Scott’s unfinished novel The Last Tycoon. She was inspired and began working on another novel, but her mental health declined again and she returned to the North Carolina hospital. In 1948, a fire broke out at the hospital, and Zelda, in a locked room awaiting an electroshock therapy session, did not escape. She died at the age of 47 and was buried alongside Scott. Posthumous Discovery The Fitzgeralds had been on the decline when they died, but interest quickly revived, and they became immortalized as the icons of the Jazz Age. In 1970, historian Nancy Milford wrote a biography of Zelda that suggested she had been every bit as talented as Scott, but had been held back by him. The book became a bestseller and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, and it heavily influenced future perceptions of Zelda. Save Me The Waltz subsequently saw a revival as well, with scholars analyzing it on the same level as Scott’s novels. Zelda’s collected writings, including the novel, were compiled and published in 1991, and even her paintings have been re-appraised in the modern era. Several fictional works have depicted her life, including several books and a TV series, Z: The Beginning of Everything. Although perceptions continue to evolve, the Fitzgerald legacy – of which Zelda is most definitely a huge part – has become deeply engrained in American popular culture.   Sources: Cline, Sally.  Zelda Fitzgerald: Her Voice in Paradise. Arcade Publishing, New York, 2003.Milford, Nancy. Zelda: A Biography. Harper Row, 1970.Zelazko, Alicja. Zelda Fitzgerald: American Writer and Artist. Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zelda-Fitzgerald.

Who gets what from Middle East oil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Who gets what from Middle East oil - Essay Example Another factor affecting Middle East is petrodollar recycling. Over the years, oil prices have been going up creating a lot of revenue for OPEC countries. The importing countries such as the US, UK, China and Japan pay heavy prices for oil to fuel their economies. However, as Higgins, Klitgaard, and Lerman note, much of this revenue by Middle East countries returns to the importing countries in terms of purchases of goods and services as well as foreign assets. The high oil price paid by importers slows economic growth but the purchase of goods by exporters from importers offsets this negative growth by improving consumption and investment. Countries like the US benefit from sale of foreign assets to the exporters to finance their current account deficits. Most of the sales to exporters come from European countries due to their proximity, and less from the US. The petrodollars are also used to finance investment projects in OPEC countries. For example, Saudi Arabia engaged in a giant construction program called Petro Rabigh, which is a joint venture of the state-run oil corporation Saudi Aramco and Sumitomo Chemical of Japan. This $ 1500 billion project produces plastic and other materials for sale in and outside Saudi Arabia. Saudi Aramco ranks first among oil companies worldwide in terms of crude oil production and exports. Besides investment, revenues are also used to bail out banks facing financial crisis such as Citigroup, Merrill Lynch and Morgan Stanley. They are also used to develop infrastructure.

A supervisory report on a half day study session of Hypno-birthing Essay

A supervisory report on a half day study session of Hypno-birthing - Essay Example This opportunity was then transformed into a structured project that was to organise a study session for midwives on the subject. Background / context The advent of choice agenda has seen women chose hypnobirthing as a method for pain relief. Hypnobirthing is the process of hypnosis during birth as a way of managing pain and remaining calm during labour. Research on the subject has shown that babies can be delivered without drugs safely and that couples today can look forward to a beautiful, calm and serene birthing experience, where mother, baby and birthing companion combine in joyful bonding. Hypnobirthing is said to enable women to have a positive, calm more comfortable experience of childbirth. This trend is raising and it can be asserted that health professional may have less knowledge about this rising trend. The maternity services need midwives who can respond flexibly within an environment focused on women - centred care (Thomas, 2008). However, research on hypnosis and its use intrapartum is scanty. A quest in about 8 Trusts to find out if they had a guideline yielded to not. The NMC and RCM websites were searched for any position statements on the subject nil was found. A Cochrane library search (February 2011), MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL realised only 1 research whose results was as follows; women taught self-hypnosis had decreased requirements for pharmacological analgesia (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.79, five trials 749 women) including epidural analgesia (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.40. Acupuncture and hypnosis may be beneficial for the management of pain during labour; however, the number of women studied has been small. The Trust system does not monitor the use of hypnosis as pain relief despite women using it however, acupuncture is monitored. Recently the daily telegraph (2011), reported that the National Health Service (NHS) launched an 18-month study of ‘‘hypnobirthing’’ to try to cut the use of epidurals and other pai nkillers during childbirth – six out of 10 mothers in some hospitals rely on expensive drugs and this has resurrected an old debate. Is intense pain unavoidable, or is it triggered by fear and tension? Multicentre pragmatic exploratory non-blinded randomised controlled trial (SHIP trail), at Central Lancashire University and involving more than 800 women will investigate self-hypnosis techniques for intrapartum pain management which induces a deep sense of relaxation. Interestingly, to note is the fact that NHS despite the financial difficulties it is facing (Kings Fund) is committed to the choice agenda, hypnobirthing could be one of the answers to save the NHS and to improve the lives of women and babies. According to Salvage, Health services in the UK are facing major challenges in a context of drastic public funding. Salvage (2011) wonders how the choice agenda be upheld in this turbulent times. Hypnobirthing could be an answer in reduction of intervention like use of epi dural, reduction in caesareans sections and increase in normal birth. Hence the need to understand this model as well as having agreed pathways of how it is to be managed. There is a choice: SoMs and midwives could be passive or to try to lead and influence change. Our accountability as well as our contribution as midwives is to

Endothelin Essay -- Health

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading deaths in the United States. Pulmonary hypertension disease one type of cardiovascular disease that is due to the narrowing of the arteries within the lungs. When the arteries are narrowed the right side of the heart is unable to pump blood through the lungs, pressure begin to build up and not enough oxygen is being picked up, therefore causing pulmonary hypertension. If there are damages to the endothelium, it can cause this disease because it can produce more endothelin-1, which is one of the isomer of Endothelin that influence as a vasoconstrictor. Introduction It is important to have treatment available to patients who suffer from cardiovascular diseases. Since it is one of the leading causes of deaths in the United States, improving treatments will save many lives. Although heart disease occur more in adult patients, there are possible chances in which infants are affected by a disease known as the congenital heart disease. In order to have treatment for patient with heart disease, we need to look at the molecular level. Patients were examined and documents showed that endothelial injury may be the cause for pulmonary hypertension and other vascular diseases. Presentation Endothelin is a 21 amino acid polypeptide that has 3 different isoforms which are endothelin-1(ET-1), endothelin-2 (ET-2), and endothelin-3 (ET-3). ET-1 is located mainly in the endothelial cell but is a regulator of smooth muscle, heart, and kidney. ET-2 differs from ET-1 by 2 amino acids and is also found in the heart and kidney. ET-3 differs from ET-1 by 6 amino acids and is produced in the central nervous system like ET-1and in gastrointestinal (1). With researches, ET-1 is more focused on in cardiovascu... ...With different experimental data on animals and documents of patient with cardiovascular diseases, there no exact conclusion made on which receptors antagonist may cure the disease. Trials are needed to determine whether ETA/B blockage or just ETA blockade is better in the treatment of hypertension or any other vascular disease. Although both decrease vasoconstriction, potential anti-endothelin therapy is available to patients. Works Cited 1. Agapotiv, Alexei & Haynes, William. â€Å" Role of Endothelin in Cardiovascular Disease.† Journal of Renin0Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, 3.1 (2002): 2-10. . 2. Bohm, Felix & Pernow, John. â€Å"The importance of endothelin-1 for vascular dysfunction in cardiovascular disease.† Cardiovascular Research, 76.1 (2007): 8-18. .

Hul Asignment – Case Study1

1. Employee benefits and Long Term Settlement Although initially positive about the move, the ICU workers had begun to demand more money to compensate for the increased travel costs and the more expensive food at the TF. (case study p. 5) The issue was escalated to the corporate head offices who decided that ICU employees would be granted a cafeteria premium of Rs. 25 per day but not a conveyance allowance. (case study p. 7) The three units had different policies for: Tea breaks Lunch breaks Holiday lists Festival advances Pay structures Designations Working timelines: ICU – seven days in three shifts TF – six days in two shifts TIU – five days in a single shift The LTS also covers machine speeds, productivity, medical T&Cs, prayer times for religious groups. (case study p. 8) Factory unions present their charter of demands to the factory management. Factory management negotiate with the Central Industrial Relations Committee for an overall package that the committee would sanction as a pay out. Local management then negotiate with the unions and it is signed off once the majority of unions agree. (case study p. 8) Each day after 28th of February that the LTS is not agreed the employees lose out on whatever salary increment the agreement contained. (case study p. 8) Older workers are more concerned with pensions, newer workers want to increase take home pay. (case study p. 9) (case study p. 9) The current LTS is for the Tea Factory, the LTS for the TIU expires in 2010 and for the ICU in 2011. Any agreements in the TF LTS will set precedent for future settlements. Consequences There will be uncertainty and unrest amongst the employees until the issues are resolved. Need to improve employee engagement. Precedents will be set for future settlements. So considerations should be given to how working conditions can be best standardised. LTS negotiations have in the past become violent resulting in the breakdown of communication and adverse effects on the business. (case study p. 8) Employees are losing out on benefits while waiting for this to be sorted so it is in everyone's best interest to resolve it quickly. Solutions A good package will be an effective tool for recruitment and retention of colleagues and help to sustain staff motivation and engagement. According to Bratton and Gold (2007, p. 364) â€Å"the reward system is an important consideration when the organisation is trying to attract suitable employees, and once workers are members of the organisation, their task behaviour and levels of performance are influenced by the reward system. † A recent article by Manisha Chada of the people matters from India has noted the concept of rewards is gaining increasing popularity, particularly due to the diverse needs of an evolved workforce. Other factors that should also be considered are competitive salaries, comfortable lifestyle, job security, career enhancement options, and work-life balance Effective communication with employees plays a vital role during the restructuring period of any organisation as it helps to properly inform the employees about the changes. This helps to remove the uncertainty and allay fears amongst employees and therefore may overcome any resistance that may result thereof. Casio (2002:96) believes that â€Å"open and ongoing communication is critical to a successful restructuring effort†. Paton and James (2000:45) believe that â€Å"effective communication that is designed to inform, consult and promote action will help in overcoming both resistance and ignorance amongst employees†. Owning shares will provide employees with financial incentives that will make them more committed to the organisation and more motivated at work. If the company is more profitable, employees will gain financially through dividend payments and an increased share price. Many companies in India such as †¦ have employee contribution pension schemes so employees can choose if they want to put money into the pension or keep it in their take home pay – a certain amount of salary can be allocated and company would match up that to a set limit. This would give the older employees the option to put more money into their Relocation of workers – we feel that it is unfair that colleagues have been relocated and now have extra travel costs and travel time. The company could arrange a bus to pick up employees from certain agreed points and ferry them to the Tea Factory. This could improve colleague commitment as it would show that takes on board their feedback. I would suggest that the management team should put in place a core package for all employees that can be replicated for the ICU and TIU. Additional benefits could be added dependant on grade and performance. According to an article on Employee Satisfaction in the Journal of Industrial Management and Data Systems, this would contribute to colleague engagement and motivation. Policies on tea breaks, lunch breaks, festival advances, holiday policy and prayer times could be standardised for all colleagues. It would be wise to carry out a review of the grading structure of all three parts of the Tea Factory and to standardise grades and job titles and pay for colleagues performing similar roles throughout the organisation. Arguments How are we going to persuade the CEO and management to agree to an improved package. What about the younger people, will they realise the importance of a pension scheme? – Perhaps it would be a good idea for the company or unions to educate the employees about the pension scheme. It would also be a good idea to allow employees to amend the percentage that they contribute at certain times. The management have already declined to pay travel costs individually –could help to build relations between employees and gain confidence from the employees. 2. Issues between the management and the unions The challenge of managing the disparate workforce will fall to the Factor Manager, the Commercial Manager and the HR Manager. The HR manager, is female, 26 and this is her first assignment. (case study p. 2) There was no HR team in place when Suchita arrived at the factory. All previous managers had been male, native to the state and had four to five years of experience. One worker had said to her â€Å"you’re younger than even my daughter, and I don’t like the fact that I have to report to you. † Suchita has hired an experienced local man onto the HR team to ease relations with the workforce. (case study p. 6) The leader of the TF Union C is argumentative, and the union is more uncooperative than the others. The leader barged into Suchita’s office on her first day in the factory and threatened to strike if an issue was not resolved. case study p. 5) The ICU unions had not been part of a large multinational before and were wary of standardised processes. They also felt that they were not compensated on a par with other HUL unions and looked to the upcoming merger to gain a significant pay out for their people. When Suchita arrived, the TF and ICU had separate factory managers. Just after she started the ICU manager quit and t wo months later she learned that the TF manager would move to another role in Dec 2008. The abrupt change in managers increased the union’s unease. case study p. 6;7) Union leaders have highlighted the differences in working T;Cs amongst the different units. (case study p. 8) ICU employees became more resistant and reluctant to change as the move drew nearer. (case study p. 8) Management have adopted a tough stance on negotiations – see p. 8. As the older workers were replaced inter union rivalries resurfaced. (case study p. 9) Unions are becoming increasingly possessive of their members in order to preserve their group identity and importance. (case study p. 9) Consequences If the unions are not organised effectively there is a potential that they will strike. The issues with management structure such as the change in TF and ICU managers are leading to unrest and need to be resolved. The ICU unions possibly need help to integrate into the TF structure as they are becoming very wary about the changes and could cause unrest and protest amongst the employees. Union rivalry is increasing, could be bad for the business therefore it would be better to stabilise the structure as soon as possible. Change management. Integration. Solutions To reduce issues between management and unions: Employees should be allowed to take part right from the beginning of restructuring process. Employees are more likely to be supportive of any changes if they are allowed to genuinely take part in meetings and workshops where the envisaged changes are discussed at the outset Every attempt should be made by management to share all the necessary information with employees accurately and at appropriate times. This will create an atmosphere of trust and commitment amongst employees and will also enhance the integrity and credibility of management and their intentions; Employees must always see some benefits coming out of the change process and management must ensure that these gains are clearly understood by all the relevant employees. Reward structures that are clearly understood by employees as well as facilities such as the cafeteria must be reconsidered as important elements of the change processes A strategic human resource blueprint for retention, re-skilling and movement of employees to new roles and functions must be developed and be made known to all relevant parties. More coaching and training for the local managers including HR manager. Equality and diversity policy and provide training to the colleagues. According to an article by Kathy Gans it is important to gain a good understanding of how changes will impact the workforce. It would be a good idea to conduct surveys to gauge the feelings of employees and then analyse the results to put together a plan. Gans identifies that it is important to spend time with managers, supervisors and union leaders to establish their buy in to the process as they will play a significant role in influencing colleagues. Gans also identifies that communication is key to successful change management. It is important to communicate the reasons for the change to the workforce. In this case, we believe that the move of the TIU and the ICU will be beneficial for the company as a whole but will also bring benefits for the employees such as greater stability and job security. Regular, targeted communication will help develop employees’ understanding of the process. Changes do affect organisations and employees. Employees become insecure, confused about their jobs and therefore, less productive. According to Anderson and Anderson (2001:1) the success of 21st Century organisations will depend on how successful leaders are at leading and managing this change. They argue that most organisation leaders are found wanting when it comes to leading change successfully. Andersons Nine- Phase Change Process Model could be utilised. One to one communication with employees would also help them to voice their fears whilst allowing management to challenge any misconceptions. In 1993 Lloyds bank merged with TSB – this is a good example of communication to employees. At the start of the process they made a promise to their employees that they would be open and honest with them, whether the news was good or bad. This helped to build trust with employees at the start of the process and we would recommend it as a strategy. Union forum – structure a communication process between the unions and management. Suggest that the unions from the ICU and TF merge – these two have similar processes and are both factory based. The TIU work is completely different and the unions are national rather than local so it may be best for them to remain separate. 3. Company Cultures – unified culture and the cafeteria issue The integrated factory would be occupied by 250 workers reflecting three distinct cultures and seven different organised trade unions. (case study p. 1) Biswaranjan Sen (head of project) is concerned that there is a need for a â€Å"one factory† way of doing things that tapped the best of the three cultures. (case study p. ) â€Å"The underlying philosophy with which this company has been run for many decades is the belief that what is good for India is good for us,† maintained HUL’s CEO and Managing Director Nitin Paranjpe, adding , â€Å"the only way you can succeed is to remain relevant to the society in which you operate. Therefore, social and societal needs and contexts, as they changed in this country, have been at the forefront of what we’ve done. † (case study p. 2) The CEO’s main concerns were about plans to bridge the cultural gap. (case study p. 9 ) Suchita was not sure whether it would be better to integrate the TF and the ICU immediately or to wait. There were business benefits to integrating the units. The two business cycles are different, ice cream peaks just before summer while tea peaks in winter. The integrated units would provide an opportunity to train workers across different businesses and to break the physical separation of workplaces. (case study p. 9) Tea Factory (TF) The workforce at the Tea factory is aging (53+ years) and they have previously experienced challenging times. They were positive about the change of strategy to use the Tea Factory as a central hub. New initiatives were embraced and inter-union rivalry played out in the background. case study p. 3;4) The TF workers were put out by the changes made for the TIU workers, one Union leader complained â€Å"We work in 40 degree C on the shop floor in the summer; they sit in air conditioned offices. Our food, too, was made better only after the others came. What are we, their poor country cousins? † (case study p. 4) Between 2005 and 2008 many workers, including some of the union reps, retired. New colleagues came in who were not as affected by the issues of the past and the culture began to change. Union rivalry increased. (case study p. 5) There are three unions (case study p. ): Union A – one of the stronger factory unions, composed mainly of veterans with almost 20-25 years of experience. Union B – the factory’s oldest and at one time largest union – though now smaller than Union A after some of its most powerful and respected leaders had retired. Union C – the forceful and argumentative style of its leader was reflected in the general uncooperativeness of the union. The factory unions have on a number of occasions demanded to know why they do not receive the same privileges as the ICU. (case study p. 9) Tea Innovation Unit (TIU) Previously located in the Regional Corporate Office, the two unions agreed to move to the Tea Factory on the condition that their office space was maintained with similar standards for food and other benefits. (case study p. 4) New plush air-conditioned offices were installed with a separate entrance creating two separate units with distinct cultures. (case study p. 4) There are two unions that are structured and hierarchical like British unions. They are not local unions, they have a structure, maintain offices and function like an organisation. They are efficient and progressive and don’t relate to the factory unions. case study p. 5) Ice Cream Unit Acquired by HUL in 1998. HUL introduced many of its standard systems and policies – such as quality assurance and workplace safety but the culture and way of working had not changed. Job promotions were not standard, and even designations and titles were different across grades. The working culture was very laid back and r elaxed. (case study p. 4) The set up was familial, workers lived nearby and new each other’s families. Workers often went beyond the scope of their work to deliver what the business needed and supported management’s efforts to increase production efficiency. The relationship between management and the two unions was cordial. (case study p. 4) The ICU workers were initially pleased with the announcement that they would move to the Tea Factory as the TF had better facilities for employee welfare and recreation. One union leader remarked â€Å"By bringing more things here you are strengthening the entire unit and improving our job stability. † (case study p. 5) The two ICU unions are affiliated with the State political parties. Because of the cordial relationship with management they were the most approachable. They had not been part of a large multinational before. They have a different approach to the LTS, treat their existing LTS as a guideline only. Cafeteria Issues When the TIU relocated to the TF the canteen food was upgraded at greater cost to match the better meals at the Regional Corporate Office. The TF unions refused to pay any more for their food so despite the fact that all other cafeterias were operated on a no profit, no loss basis, HUL agreed to subsidise the difference. (case study p. 4) ICU workers argued that the food at the TF was more expensive than their previous cafeteria and wanted compensation for the difference. (case study p. 5;7) The issue is important to workforce as food is culturally significant and is interwoven into the social, religious and artistic lives of the people. (case study p. 7) The ICU workers were granted a premium of Rs. 25 per day. This increased tensions over the cafeteria(case study p. 7) The TIU unions argued that the cafeteria was a basic condition of employment in relocating to the TF and their terms cannot change. (case study p. 7) The TF unions stated that management increased the menu when the TIU came in, now they want to water it down when the ICU comes in. Is it fair that it changes each time a new unit comes in? case study p. 7) The factory unions would almost certainly resist management’s effort to change the cafeteria’s full lunch subsidy, and the other unions had already made it clear that they were adamantly opposed to separate menus. (case study p. 10) Consequences How to build greater transparency and trust with employees? If the cultures are not integrated r ivalry and jealousy between the units will continue to increase which could lead to strikes and a mistrustful and de-motivated workforce. An unhappy workforce is less productive and less supportive of management initiatives so solutions need to be found. The employees are unhappy about the cafeteria for various reasons. Solutions The organisation cannot function properly with several dominant cultures. One dominant culture will therefore have to be adopted for the new organisation. it is imperative for managers to equip themselves with conflict handling techniques to enable them to effectively manage the change process. An organisational restructuring process will only be successful if it aligns all the aspects of the organisation. Johnson and Scholes (2002:534) argue, â€Å"If change is to be successful, it also has to link the strategic, operational and everyday aspects of the organisation†. Before SmithKline merged with the British-based Beecham Group a few years ago, the Philadelphia-based drug manufacturer wanted to find out whether the corporate cultures of the two firms were sufficiently similar to make the merger succeed. During the merger, over 2,000 people from both firms were divided into more than 200 teams to figure out how to integrate their respective structures, systems, and cultures. â€Å"From the very beginning, they were learning how to work together,† Integration integrate the corporate cultures of both organizations. This involves combining two or more cultures into a new composite culture that preserves the best features of the previous cultures. Raytheon is applying an integration strategy as the defense and aerospace conglomerate develops a new culture for the half-dozen companies that recently merged or were acquired. 56 Integration is most effective when the companies have relatively weak cultures or when their cultures include several overlapping values. Integration also works best when people realize that their existing cultures are ineffective and are therefore motivated to adopt a new set of dominant values. However, integration is slow and potentially risky, because there are many forces preserving the existing cultures. Separation A separation strategy occurs where the merging companies agree to remain distinct entities with minimal exchange of culture or organizational practices. Insignia Financial Group, a South Carolina real estate firm, has applied a separation strategy to its more than 30 acquisitions over the past decade. â€Å"When we buy the companies, we leave the infrastructure in place,† says Henry Horowitz, Insignia’s executive managing director. â€Å"We’re buying a successful company. Why would we want to disrupt something that works? And the morale becomes terrible if you start decimating. †Separation is most appropriate when the two merging companies are in unrelated industries because the most appropriate cultural values tend to differ by industry. Unfortunately, few acquired firms remain independent for long because executives in the acquiring firm want to control corporate decisions. Therefore, it’s not surprising that only 15 percent of acquisitions leave the purchased organization as a stand-alone unit. Cafeteria to offer a range of food at various prices of the colleagues can pick and mix their meals and pay as much or as little as they want to. There is no staff development scheme in place, perhaps factory workers could develop towards a role in the Tea Innovation Unit – could help to break down the barriers between the units and dispel rivalry. Could include training relevant to role e. g. health and safety, equlity and diversity (Motivation and engagement) Listen to the employees not everything through the unions, employee forums and possibly one to ones with colleagues to develop two way communication between management and employees. Colleague engagement surveys Allow feedback from employees on managers, develop psychological contracts with employees. Staff social events to break down barriers Multiskill the workforce, perhaps ask for volunteers at first then roll out further. Allow employees to work flexible patterns. 4. Colleague issues – development, motivation, staff levels Tea Factory In the ‘90s HUL adopted a strategy of regionalising tea production. As a result production at the Tea Factory decreased and between 1989 and 1998 there were eight rounds of voluntary redundancy. (case study p. 3) Workers heard stories of those who had taken VRS and had not done well. As a result some higher level employees voluntarily downgraded to ensure job security. case study p. 3) In the 90’s the workers perception was that the company made a lot of money and there was no need to worry. There was reluctance to acknowledge that although the company as a whole was profitable; their unit might not be contributing to that performance. (case study p. 3) Management need to replace the many worker who retired between 2005 and 2 008. They are concerned about the emergence of a new set of opinion leaders. (case study p. 8) Newer workers who had not witnessed the downturn of the Tea Factory were less restrained in their demands. In the old days, the workmen would come in on Sunday for training, even without overtime pay, although they didn’t know how it would benefit them. †¦ they were that motivated. Now, we have to persuade the new recruits to come in on a Sunday. And we pay them overtime! † (case study p. 9) Consequences Management need to replace the employees who retired as the rest of the workforce will be under pressure to cover until the positions are filled. Newer workers are no longer motivated by fear of losing their job so a way needs to be found to motivate them. Colleagues need to be kept informed of the performance of the unit so they can act accordingly. Solutions Consider perspectives and experiences of local employees. Consider interventions that could bring the best out of the employees e. g. introduce a reward and recognition scheme to reward performance. (Motivation) Create a performance culture – introduce targets, regular one to ones, plans for output an deliver against it – link output to bonus Older employees bring a diverse range of skills, could use them in a different capacity e. g. coaching and mentoring the new staff.

Taking a Look at Social Cognition - 1777 Words

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